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Conditions to be satisfied
     12.3  - (1) The claimant may obtain judgment in default of an acknowledgment of service only if - 

(a) the defendant has not filed an acknowledgment of service or a defence to the claim (or any part of the claim); and

(b) the relevant time for doing so has expired.

    (2) The claimant may obtain judgment in default of defence only if - 

(a) the defendant has filed an acknowledgment of service but has not filed a defence; and

(b) the relevant time for doing so has expired.

(Rules 10.3 and 15.4 deal respectively with the period for filing an acknowledgment of service and the period for filing a defence)

    (3) The claimant may not obtain a default judgment if - 

(a) the defendant has applied for summary judgment under Part 24, and that application has not been disposed of;

(b) the defendant has satisfied the whole claim (including any claim for costs) on which the claimant is seeking judgment; or

(c)


(i) the claimant is seeking judgment on a claim for money; and

(ii) the defendant has filed or served on the claimant an admission under rule 14.4 or 14.7 (admission of liability to pay all of the money claimed) together with a request for time to pay.

(Part 14 sets out the procedure where a defendant admits a money claim and asks for time to pay)

(Rule 6.14 provides that, where the claim form is served by the claimant, he may not obtain default judgment unless he has filed a certificate of service)

Procedure for obtaining default judgment
     12.4  - (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a claimant may obtain a default judgment by filing a request in the relevant practice form where the claim is for - 

(a) a specified amount of money;

(b) an amount of money to be decided by the court;

(c) delivery of goods where the claim form gives the defendant the alternative of paying their value; or

(d) any combination of these remedies.

    (2) The claimant must make an application in accordance with Part 23 if he wishes to obtain a default judgment - 

(a) on a claim which consists of or includes a claim for any other remedy; or

(b) where rule 12.9 or rule 12.10 so provides.

    (3) Where a claimant - 

(a) claims any other remedy in his claim form in addition to those specified in paragraph (1); but

(b) abandons that claim in his request for judgment,

he may still obtain a default judgment by filing a request under paragraph (1).

Nature of judgment where default judgment obtained by filing a request
     12.5  - (1) Where the claim is for a specified sum of money, the claimant may specify in a request filed under rule 12.4(1) - 

(a) the date by which the whole of the judgment debt is to be paid; or

(b) the times and rate at which it is to be paid by instalments.

    (2) Except where paragraph (4) applies, a default judgment on a claim for a specified amount of money obtained on the filing of a request, will be judgment for the amount of the claim (less any payments made) and costs - 

(a) to be paid by the date or at the rate specified in the request for judgment; or

(b) if none is specified, immediately.

(Interest may be included in a default judgment obtained by filing a request if the conditions set out in Rule 12.6 are satisfied)

(Rule 45.4 provides for fixed costs on the entry of a default judgment)

    (3) Where the claim is for an unspecified amount of money, a default judgment obtained on the filing of a request will be for an amount to be decided by the court and costs.

    (4) Where the claim is for delivery of goods and the claim form gives the defendant the alternative of paying their value, a default judgment obtained on the filing of a request will be judgment requiring the defendant to - 

(a) deliver the goods or (if he does not do so) pay the value of the goods as decided by the court (less any payments made); and

(b) pay costs.

(Rule 12.7 sets out the procedure for deciding the amount of a judgment or the value of the goods)

    (5) The claimant's right to enter judgment requiring the defendant to deliver goods is subject to rule 40.14 (judgment in favour of certain part owners relating to the detention of goods).

Interest
     12.6  - (1) A default judgment on a claim for a specified amount of money obtained on the filing of a request may include the amount of interest claimed to the date of judgment if - 

(a) the particulars of claim include the details required by rule 16.4;

(b) where interest is claimed under section 35A of the Supreme Court Act 1981[11] or section 69 of the County Courts Act 1984[12], the rate is no higher than the rate of interest payable on judgment debts at the date when the claim form was issued; and

(c) the claimant's request for judgment includes a calculation of the interest claimed for the period from the date up to which interest was stated to be calculated in the claim form to the date of the request for judgment.

    (2) In any case where paragraph (1) does not apply, judgment will be for an amount of interest to be decided by the court.

(Rule 12.7 sets out the procedure for deciding the amount of interest)

Procedure for deciding an amount or value
     12.7  - (1) This rule applies where the claimant obtains a default judgment on the filing of a request under rule 12.4(1) and judgment is for - 

(a) an amount of money to be decided by the court;

(b) the value of goods to be decided by the court; or

(c) an amount of interest to be decided by the court.

    (2) Where the court enters judgment it will - 

(a) give any directions it considers appropriate; and

(b) if it considers it appropriate, allocate the case.

Claim against more than one defendant
     12.8  - (1) A claimant may obtain a default judgment on request under this Part on a claim for money or a claim for delivery of goods against one of two or more defendants, and proceed with his claim against the other defendants.

    (2) Where a claimant applies for a default judgment against one of two or more defendants - 

(a) if the claim can be dealt with separately from the claim against the other defendants - 


(i) the court may enter a default judgment against that defendant; and

(ii) the claimant may continue the proceedings against the other defendants;



(b) if the claim cannot be dealt with separately from the claim against the other defendants - 



(i) the court will not enter default judgment against that defendant; and

(ii) the court must deal with the application at the same time as it disposes of the claim against the other defendants.

    (3) A claimant may not enforce against one of two or more defendants any judgment obtained under this Part for possession of land or for delivery of goods unless - 

(a) he has obtained a judgment for possession or delivery (whether or not obtained under this Part) against all the defendants to the claim; or

(b) the court gives permission.

Procedure for obtaining a default judgment for costs only
     12.9  - (1) Where a claimant wishes to obtain a default judgment for costs only - 

(a) if the claim is for fixed costs, he may obtain it by filing a request in the relevant practice form;

(b) if the claim is for any other type of costs, he must make an application in accordance with Part 23.

    (2) Where an application is made under this rule for costs only, judgment shall be for an amount to be decided by the court.

(Part 45 sets out when a claimant is entitled to fixed costs)

Default judgment obtained by making an application
     12.10 The claimant must make an application in accordance with Part 23 where - 

(a) the claim is - 


(i) a claim against a child or patient;

(ii) a claim in tort by one spouse against the other; or

(iii) a claim against the Crown.



(b) he wishes to obtain a default judgment where the defendant has failed to file an acknowledgment of service - 



(i) against a defendant who has been served with the claim out of the jurisdiction under RSC Order 11 r.1(2)(a) (service without leave under the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982[13]);

(ii) against a defendant domiciled in Scotland or Northern Ireland or in any other Convention territory;

(iii) against a State;

(iv) against a diplomatic agent who enjoys immunity from civil jurisdiction by virtue of the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964[14]; or

(v) against persons or organisations who enjoy immunity from civil jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of the International Organisations Acts 1968 and 1981[15].

Supplementary provisions where applications for default judgment are made
     12.11  - (1) Where the claimant makes an application for a default judgment, judgment shall be such judgment as it appears to the court that the claimant is entitled to on his statement of case.

    (2) Any evidence relied on by the claimant in support of his application need not be served on a party who has failed to file an acknowledgment of service.

    (3) An application for a default judgment on a claim against a child or patient or a claim in tort between spouses must be supported by evidence.

    (4) An application for a default judgment may be made without notice if - 

(a) the claim was served in accordance with the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982;

(b) the defendant has failed to file an acknowledgment of service; and

(c) notice does not need to be given under any other provision of these Rules.

    (5) Where an application is made against a State for a default judgment where the defendant has failed to file an acknowledgment of service - 

(a) the application may be made without notice, but the court hearing the application may direct that a copy of the application notice be served on the State;

(b) if the court - 


(i) grants the application; or

(ii) directs that a copy of the application notice be served on the State,



the judgment or application notice (and the evidence in support) may be served out of the jurisdiction without any further order;

(c) where paragraph (5)(b) permits a judgment or an application notice to be served out of the jurisdiction, the procedure for serving the judgment or the application notice is the same as for serving a claim form under RSC Order 11 except where an alternative method of service has been agreed under section 12(6) of the State Immunity Act 1978[16].

(Rule 23.1 defines "application notice")

    (6) For the purposes of this rule and rule 12.10 - 

(a) "domicile" is to be determined in accordance with the provisions of sections 41 to 46 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982;

(b) "Convention territory" means the territory or territories of any Contracting State, as defined by section 1(3) of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, to which the Brussels Conventions or Lugano Convention apply;

(c) "State" has the meaning given by section 14 of the State Immunity Act 1978; and

(d) "Diplomatic agent" has the meaning given by Article 1 (e) of Schedule 1 to the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964.

Cases where the court may set aside or vary judgment entered under Part 12
     13.3  - (1) In any other case, the court may set aside^(GL) or vary a judgment entered under Part 12 if - 

(a) the defendant has a real prospect of successfully defending the claim; or

(b) it appears to the court that there is some other good reason why - 


(i) the judgment should be set aside or varied; or

(ii) the defendant should be allowed to defend the claim.

    (2) In considering whether to set aside^(GL) or vary a judgment entered under Part 12, the matters to which the court must have regard include whether the person seeking to set aside the judgment made an application to do so promptly.

(Rule 3.1(3) provides that the court may attach conditions when it makes an order)

Application to set aside or vary judgment - procedure
     13.4  - (1) Where - 

(a) the claim is for a specified amount of money;

(b) the judgment was obtained in a court which is not the defendant's home court;

(c) the claim has not been transferred to another defendant's home court under rule 14.12 (admission - determination of rate of payment by judge) or rule 26.2 (automatic transfer); and

(d) the defendant is an individual,

the court will transfer an application by a defendant under this Part to set aside^(GL) or vary judgment to the defendant's home court.

(Rule 2.3 explains which court is a defendant's home court)

    (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply where the claim was commenced in a specialist list.

    (3) An application under rule 13.3 (cases where the court may set aside^(GL) or vary judgment) must be supported by evidence.

Claimant's duty to apply to set aside judgment
     13.5  - (1) This rule applies where - 

(a) the claimant has purported to serve particulars of claim; and

(b) the claimant has entered judgment under Part 12 against the defendant to whom the particulars of claim were sent.

    (2) If a claimant who has entered judgment subsequently has good reason to believe that the particulars of claim did not reach the defendant before the claimant entered judgment, he must - 

(a) file a request for the judgment to be set aside^(GL); or

(b) apply to the court for directions.

    (3) The claimant may take no further step in the proceedings for the enforcement of the judgment until the judgment has been set aside^(GL) or the court has disposed of the application for directions.

Abandoned claim restored where default judgment set aside
     13.6 Where - 

(a) the claimant claimed a remedy in addition to one specified in rule 12.4(1) (claims in respect of which the claimant may obtain default judgment by filing a request);

(b) the claimant abandoned his claim for that remedy in order to obtain default judgment on request in accordance with rule 12.4(3); and

(c) that default judgment is set aside^(GL) under this Part,

the abandoned claim is restored when the default judgment is set aside.

(Rule 21.10 provides that, where a claim is made by or on behalf of a child or patient or against a child or patient, no settlement, compromise or payment shall be valid, so far as it relates to that person's claim, without the approval of the court)

    (5) The court may allow a party to amend or withdraw an admission.

(Rule 3.1(3) provides that the court may attach conditions when it makes an order)

Period for making an admission
     14.2  - (1) The period for returning an admission under rule 14.4 or for filing it under rules 14.5, 14.6 or 14.7 is - 

(a) where the defendant is served with a claim form which states that particulars of claim will follow, 14 days after service of the particulars; and

(b) in any other case, 14 days after service of the claim form.

    (2) Paragraph (1) is subject to the following rules - 

(a) RSC Order 11 r.1A (which specifies how the period for filing or returning an admission is calculated where the claim form is served out of the jurisdiction); and

(b) rule 6.16(4) (which requires the court to specify the period for responding to the particulars of claim when it makes an order under that rule).

    (3) A defendant may return an admission under rule 14.4 or file it under rules 14.5, 14.6 or 14.7 after the end of the period for returning or filing it specified in paragraph (1) if the claimant has not obtained default judgment under Part 12.

    (4) If he does so, this Part shall apply as if he had made the admission within that period.

Admission by notice in writing - application for judgment
     14.3  - (1) Where a party makes an admission under rule 14.1(2) (admission by notice in writing), any other party may apply for judgment on the admission.

    (2) Judgment shall be such judgment as it appears to the court that the applicant is entitled to on the admission.

Admission of whole of claim for specified amount of money
     14.4  - (1) This rule applies where - 

(a) the only remedy which the claimant is seeking is the payment of a specified amount of money; and

(b) the defendant admits the whole of the claim.

    (2) The defendant may admit the claim by returning to the claimant an admission in the relevant practice form.

    (3) The claimant may obtain judgment by filing a request in the relevant practice form and, if he does so - 

(a) if the defendant has not requested time to pay, the procedure in paragraphs (4) to (6) will apply;

(b) if the defendant has requested time to pay, the procedure in rule 14.9 will apply.

    (4) The claimant may specify in his request for judgment - 

(a) the date by which the whole of the judgment debt is to be paid; or

(b) the times and rate at which it is to be paid by instalments.

    (5) On receipt of the request for judgment the court will enter judgment.

    (6) Judgment will be for the amount of the claim (less any payments made) and costs - 

(a) to be paid by the date or at the rate specified in the request for judgment; or

(b) if none is specified, immediately.

(Rule 14.14 deals with the circumstances in which judgment under this rule may include interest)

Admission of part of a claim for a specified amount of money
     14.5  - (1) This rule applies where - 

(a) the only remedy which the claimant is seeking is the payment of a specified amount of money; and

(b) the defendant admits part of the claim.

    (2) The defendant may admit part of the claim by filing an admission in the relevant practice form.

    (3) On receipt of the admission, the court will serve a notice on the claimant requiring him to return the notice stating that - 

(a) he accepts the amount admitted in satisfaction of the claim;

(b) he does not accept the amount admitted by the defendant and wishes the proceedings to continue; or

(c) if the defendant has requested time to pay, he accepts the amount admitted in satisfaction of the claim, but not the defendant's proposals as to payment.

    (4) The claimant must - 

(a) file the notice; and

(b) serve a copy on the defendant,

within 14 days after it is served on him.

    (5) If the claimant does not file the notice within 14 days after it is served on him, the claim is stayed^(GL) until he files the notice.

    (6) If the claimant accepts the amount admitted in satisfaction of the claim, he may obtain judgment by filing a request in the relevant practice form and, if he does so - 

(a) if the defendant has not requested time to pay, the procedure in paragraphs (7) to (9) will apply;

(b) if the defendant has requested time to pay, the procedure in rule 14.9 will apply.

    (7) The claimant may specify in his request for judgment - 

(a) the date by which the whole of the judgment debt is to be paid; or

(b) the time and rate at which it is to be paid by instalments.

    (8) On receipt of the request for judgment, the court will enter judgment.

    (9) Judgment will be for the amount admitted (less any payments made) and costs - 

(a) to be paid by the date or at the rate specified in the request for judgment; or

(b) if none is specified, immediately.

(If the claimant files notice under paragraph (3) that he wishes the proceedings to continue, the procedure which then follows is set out in Part 26)

Admission of liability to pay whole of claim for unspecified amount of money
     14.6  - (1) This rule applies where - 

(a) the only remedy which the claimant is seeking is the payment of money;

(b) the amount of the claim is not specified; and

(c) the defendant admits liability but does not offer to pay a specified amount of money in satisfaction of the claim.

    (2) The defendant may admit the claim by filing an admission in the relevant practice form.

    (3) On receipt of the admission, the court will serve a copy on the claimant.

    (4) The claimant may obtain judgment by filing a request in the relevant practice form.

    (5) If the claimant does not file a request for judgment within 14 days after service of the admission on him, the claim is stayed^(GL) until he files the request.

    (6) On receipt of the request for judgment the court will enter judgment.

    (7) Judgment will be for an amount to be decided by the court and costs.

[10] 1974 c.39.back

[11] 1981 c.54. Section 35A was inserted by the Administration of Justice Act 1982 (c.53), section 15(1), Schedule 1, Part I.back

[12] 1984 c.28. Section 69 was amended by the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (c.41), Schedule 18, paragraph 46.back

[13] 1982 c.27.back

[14] 1964 c.81.back

[15] 1968 c.48; 1981 c.9.back

[16] 1978 c.33.back